viernes, 26 de noviembre de 2010
jueves, 25 de noviembre de 2010
Minimal Pairs
http://www.manythings.org/mp/m17.html
in phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phonological element, such as a phone, phoneme, toneme or chroneme and have a distinct meaning. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language.
As an example for English vowels, the pair "let" + "lit" can be used to demonstrate that the phone (in let) and (in lit) do in fact represent distinct phonemes and /ɪ/. An example for English consonants is the minimal pair of "pat" + "bat". In phonetics, this pair, like any other, differs in a number of ways. In this case, the contrast appears largely to be conveyed with a difference in the voice onset time of the initial consonant as the configuration of the mouth is the same for [p] and [b]; however, there is also a possible difference in duration, which visual analysis using high quality video supports.
Phonemic differentiation may vary between different dialects of a language, so that a particular minimal pair in one accent is a pair of homophones in another. This does not necessarily mean that one of the phonemes is absent in the homonym accent; merely that it is not present in the same range of contexts.
This, These, Those, That
Demonstratives are used to point out a particular item. They are as follows:
This (indicates something close to the speaker)That (indicates something away from the speaker)
These (indicates some things close to the speaker)Those (indicates some things away from the speaker)
Example:
A: What is this? (pointing to something held in the speaker's hand or near the speaker)
B: A pencil.
A: What is that? (pointing to something at a distance from the speaker)
B: A tree.
Remember that demonstratives are used in reference to the speaker. (What is near "you" may not be near "me" and vice versa.)
A: What's that you're holding?B: This is an egg. Here, catch!A: Oops.B: That's a mess.
A: What are these (holding up a pair of slippers)B: Those are slippers.
Be sure to use this/that with singular and non-count nouns and these/those with count nouns.
This orange is sour.
These oranges are sweet.
That truck is full.
Those trucks are empty.
This milk is fresh.
Sometimes demonstratives can be used as pronouns (to refer to a particular noun.)
Give me that!
Whose are these?
Give me that (spoon).
Whose are these (socks)?
This and that can also be used with one. However, these and those are more commonly used alone.
I want this one.
I want these. (not these ones)
I'll take that one.
I'll take those.
On the telephone, this and that are used differently in British and American English to identify callers.
Example:
Receiver:
Hello.
Caller:
I was wondering if you would be interested in buying . . .
Receiver:
Who is this? (American)
Who is that? (British)
(Both expressions are used to ask the caller to identify himself/herself.)
Caller:
This is Mr. Fuller from the Acme Brush Company.
(Same for both British and American English)
Caller:
Hi Jack. Long time no see!
Receiver:
Is this Bob? What a surprise! (American)
Is that Bob? What a surprise! (British)
This (indicates something close to the speaker)That (indicates something away from the speaker)
These (indicates some things close to the speaker)Those (indicates some things away from the speaker)
Example:
A: What is this? (pointing to something held in the speaker's hand or near the speaker)
B: A pencil.
A: What is that? (pointing to something at a distance from the speaker)
B: A tree.
Remember that demonstratives are used in reference to the speaker. (What is near "you" may not be near "me" and vice versa.)
A: What's that you're holding?B: This is an egg. Here, catch!A: Oops.B: That's a mess.
A: What are these (holding up a pair of slippers)B: Those are slippers.
Be sure to use this/that with singular and non-count nouns and these/those with count nouns.
This orange is sour.
These oranges are sweet.
That truck is full.
Those trucks are empty.
This milk is fresh.
Sometimes demonstratives can be used as pronouns (to refer to a particular noun.)
Give me that!
Whose are these?
Give me that (spoon).
Whose are these (socks)?
This and that can also be used with one. However, these and those are more commonly used alone.
I want this one.
I want these. (not these ones)
I'll take that one.
I'll take those.
On the telephone, this and that are used differently in British and American English to identify callers.
Example:
Receiver:
Hello.
Caller:
I was wondering if you would be interested in buying . . .
Receiver:
Who is this? (American)
Who is that? (British)
(Both expressions are used to ask the caller to identify himself/herself.)
Caller:
This is Mr. Fuller from the Acme Brush Company.
(Same for both British and American English)
Caller:
Hi Jack. Long time no see!
Receiver:
Is this Bob? What a surprise! (American)
Is that Bob? What a surprise! (British)
Ordinal Numbers
Table of Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal Numbers from 1 through 1,000,000 1 st first 11 th eleventh 21st twenty-first 31st thirty-first
2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty-second 40th fortieth
3rd third 13th thirteenth 23rd twenty-third 50th fiftieth
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 24th twenty-fourth 60th sixtieth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 25th twenty-fifth 70th seventieth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 26th twenty-sixth 80th eightieth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 27 th twenty-seventh 90th ninetieth
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 28th twenty-eighth 100th one hundredth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 29th twenty-ninth 1,000th one thousandth
10th tenth 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth 1,000,000th one millionth
Form
Spelling of Ordinal Numbers
Just add th to the cardinal number:
* four - fourth
* eleven - eleventh
Exceptions:
* one - first
* two - second
* three - third
* five - fifth
* eight - eighth
* nine - ninth
* twelve - twelfth
In compound ordinal numbers, note that only the last figure is written as an ordinal number:
* 421st = four hundred and twenty-first
* 5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh
Figures
When expressed as figures, the last two letters of the written word are added to the ordinal number:
* first = 1st
* second = 2nd
* third = 3rd
* fourth = 4th
* twenty-sixth = 26th
* hundred and first = 101st
Titles
In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers. In spoken English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number:
* Charles II - Charles the Second
* Edward VI - Edward the Sixth
* Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth
Ordinal Numbers from 1 through 1,000,000 1 st first 11 th eleventh 21st twenty-first 31st thirty-first
2nd second 12th twelfth 22nd twenty-second 40th fortieth
3rd third 13th thirteenth 23rd twenty-third 50th fiftieth
4th fourth 14th fourteenth 24th twenty-fourth 60th sixtieth
5th fifth 15th fifteenth 25th twenty-fifth 70th seventieth
6th sixth 16th sixteenth 26th twenty-sixth 80th eightieth
7th seventh 17th seventeenth 27 th twenty-seventh 90th ninetieth
8th eighth 18th eighteenth 28th twenty-eighth 100th one hundredth
9th ninth 19th nineteenth 29th twenty-ninth 1,000th one thousandth
10th tenth 20th twentieth 30th thirtieth 1,000,000th one millionth
Form
Spelling of Ordinal Numbers
Just add th to the cardinal number:
* four - fourth
* eleven - eleventh
Exceptions:
* one - first
* two - second
* three - third
* five - fifth
* eight - eighth
* nine - ninth
* twelve - twelfth
In compound ordinal numbers, note that only the last figure is written as an ordinal number:
* 421st = four hundred and twenty-first
* 5,111th = five thousand, one hundred and eleventh
Figures
When expressed as figures, the last two letters of the written word are added to the ordinal number:
* first = 1st
* second = 2nd
* third = 3rd
* fourth = 4th
* twenty-sixth = 26th
* hundred and first = 101st
Titles
In names for kings and queens, ordinal numbers are written in Roman numbers. In spoken English, the definite article is used before the ordinal number:
* Charles II - Charles the Second
* Edward VI - Edward the Sixth
* Henry VIII - Henry the Eighth
sábado, 20 de noviembre de 2010
Civil State
Civil Status
Engaged: An engagement is a promise to marry, and also the period of time
between proposal and marriage which may be lengthy or trivial.
Single: In legal definitions for interpersonal status, a single person is someone who has never been married. A person who was previously married and was divorced or widowed is usually considered an "unmarried" person.
Widow(er): A widow is a woman whose spouse has died, while a man whose spouse has died is a widower. The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed widowhood or occasionally viduity.
Divorced: Divorce (or the dissolution of marriage) is the final termination of a marital union, cancelling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between the parties.
Married: Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found. Such a union, often formalized via a wedding ceremony, may also be called matrimony.
Deaceased: No longer living; dead. The particular dead person or persons referred to.
Engaged: An engagement is a promise to marry, and also the period of time
between proposal and marriage which may be lengthy or trivial.
Single: In legal definitions for interpersonal status, a single person is someone who has never been married. A person who was previously married and was divorced or widowed is usually considered an "unmarried" person.
Widow(er): A widow is a woman whose spouse has died, while a man whose spouse has died is a widower. The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed widowhood or occasionally viduity.
Divorced: Divorce (or the dissolution of marriage) is the final termination of a marital union, cancelling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between the parties.
Married: Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found. Such a union, often formalized via a wedding ceremony, may also be called matrimony.
Deaceased: No longer living; dead. The particular dead person or persons referred to.
Prepositions
Prepositions
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.
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